Who: Alan Turing
When: 1950
What: Turing establishes a test for philosophers and computer engineers to create computers/programs that could imitate the non-physical actions of a human. "Can a machine fool someone into thinking it is a human?" Of course there were many objections to this test, because people were afraid that someone would develop computers with advanced systems of artificial intelligence that would outsmart a human, and that the lines would be blurred between human and machine. Turing establishes that of course computers can think, albeit in a very different process than humans, and wanted people to be more interested in how closely a computer could imitate a human.
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