Ben Shneiderman - Direct manipulation
- proposed that it would be more effective to instruct the computer in a more graphic way, rather than command language
- this idea informed: graphical user interface, visual programming environments, and other systems
- direct manipulation: seems to imitate the outside world via metaphor/representation
- advantages of this system can be seen with graphical applications (Photoshop)
- uses images that we are familiar with to represent mostly equivalent computer programs/commands
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